| Week |
Topic |
| 1 |
1st Week
INTRODUCTION to Petrography of Magmatic & Metamorphic Rocks
Subjects covered: requirements of the course, description of igneous and metamorphic rocks, subdivision of magmatic rocks into intrusive (plutonic) and extrusive (volcanic) rocks. Difference between magma and lava. Explanation of the terms “petrography, petrology and petrogenesis”. Field studies: how, where and for which aim do we (the geologists) collect rock samples? Preparation of rocks for petrographic studies: cutting, slicing and polishing the rocks, turning them into thin sections for petrographic studies. Polarized microscopes. Advanced techniques used in petrological studies: types of geochemical analyses and analytical equipment used for the analyses of rock samples. Introducing the teaching material used in this course.
SLIDE: 01__ITU__Petro_Mag_Met_Rocks___INTRODUCTION.pdf
Optional reading:
Chapter 1 of Frost and Frost (2014). Pages: 1-2. (2 pages).
Chapter 1 of Winter (2014) book. Pages: 1-22.
Chapter 1 of Gautam Sen's (2014) Petrology book, Pages: 1 to 18. entitled: "Introduction" (18 p). |
| 2 |
2nd Week
Interior of Earth & High-P polymorphs in the mantle
Where does the magma form and why?
Subjects covered: formation of the Sun and other planetary bodies in the solar system, Composition of the Sun and the cosmic abundances of the elements, early formation and differentiation of the Earth. Compositional relationships among various zones in Earth, Sun and the meteorites. Physical conditions in earth. The concept of geothermal gradient. Temperature Gradient in Earth. Lithological and mineralogical changes with depth in Earth, high pressure polymorphs of minerals in the mantle.
SLIDES:02a__ITU__Petro_Mag_Met_Rocks___Interior_of_Earth.pdf
02b__ITU__Petro_Mag_Met_Rocks___High_P_polymorphs_in_mantle.pptx
Optional reading:
Hirose's (2010) paper entitled "The Earth’s missing ingredient”.
Chapter 10 of John Winter's (2014) book entitled “Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology” (pages. 191-209).
Laboratory: Study and identification of olivine and pyroxene group minerals under the microscope. |
| 3 |
3rd Week
Where does the magma form & how? & its connection with Plate tectonics.
Intrusive (Plutonic) structures related to magma ascent and emplacement
Subjects covered: Heat sources in Earth’s interior. How do the magmas form and where do they come from? Three unique conditions in the Earth under which magmas are generated: (1) decompression, (2) rise of temperature, (3) addition of fluids to the source. Mode of melting in the mantle: examination of the partial melting process. Generation of diverse magma compositions in various geodynamic (tectonic) settings: (1) plume, (2) rift, (3) subduction and (4) collision settings. How does the composition of basaltic melts, generated from melting of fertile mantle, vary under various pressures, temperatures and melting degrees?
How is room made for the magma? Controls on magmas rising or sinking. Diapirs & diapirism. Relationships between the radial dikes and conduits feeding the volcanos. Formation of Dikes, sills & dike swarms. Dykes in rift systems and triple junctions. Intrusion styles in compressional & extensional tectonic environments. Pluton Emplacement Mechanisms: stopping, doming of roof, assimilation/melting, ductile wall-rock deformation, faulting/folding in the wall-rocks.
SLIDES :
03a__ITU__Petro_Mag_Met_Rocks___Plate_Tectonics_&_FORMATION_OF_MAGMA.pptx
03b__ITU__Petro_Mag_Met_Rocks___Igneous_Struct_related_to_magma_ascent&emplace.pptx
Laboratory: Study and identification of pyroxene and amphibole group minerals under the microscope. |
| 4 |
4th Week
Intrusive & Extrusive Magmatic Rock Structures
Subjects covered: Intrusive rock structures: batholites, stocks, sills, dykes, laccoliths, lopoliths, igneous veins. Ring dykes and cone sheets. Classification of Plutons in Relation to Geologic Events: pre-, syn- and post-tectonic plutons. Classification of plutons according to their emplacement depths: Catazone, Mesozone, Epizone intrusives. Contact metamorphism around the plutons. Compositional zonations in plutons & magma chambers.
Extrusive Magmatic Rock Structures, Conventional vs. hydrovolcanic activity, monogenetic & polygenetic volcanoes, fissure eruptions, dyke swarms, flood basalts. Types of the central vent volcanoes: Shield Volcanoes, calderas, stratovolcanoes, lava domes, pyroclastic cones: scoria/spatter and tuff cones, maar, tuff ring. Hydrovolcanic eruptions. Causes of explosive eruptions. Nucleation of bubbles in magma: first and second boiling. Formation of pyroclastic eruption columns. Pyroclastic deposits: pyroclastic fall, flow and surge units. Welding of pyroclastic ejecta: ignimbrites.
SLIDES :
04a__ITU__Petro_Mag_Met_Rocks___Plutonic_Structures.pptx
04b__ITU__Petro_Mag_Met_Rocks___Volcanic_Structures.pptx
Laboratory: Study and identification of mica, feldspar and SiO2 group minerals under the microscope. |
| 5 |
5th Week
Differentiation of Magmas & Magmatic Processes
Subjects covered: Crystals and xenocrysts. Temperature, viscosity, density and gas contents of magmas and effects of these parameters on their physical properties. Types of magmatic differentiation: fractional crystallization, liquid immiscibility, mixing of magmas, replenishment of magma chambersthermo-gravitational diffusion and assimilation. Tectonic control on crustal evolution of magmas. Generation of magmas from mantle and crust: partial melting. Differences between primary or primitive melts, parental melts. Bowen's reaction series: (1) continuous and (2) discontinuous. Mechanisms of crystal fractionation. Stokes’ law. Inward crystallization, filter pressing, cumulate rocks, polybaric crystallization. Textural/structural and geochemical evidence of magma mixing.
SLIDES :
05__ITU__Petro_Mag_Met_R___Differentiation_of_Magmas_&_Magmatic_processes.pptx
Laboratory: Study and identification of feldspathoids and accessory minerals under the microscope. |
| 6 |
6th Week
Classification & nomenclature of igneous rocks
Subjects covered: Classification of magmatic rocks (1) by grain (crystal) size, (2) by mineral proportions (inc. colour index), (3) by chemical composition (acidic versus basic). Modal and normative analyses of magmatic rocks. Principles of the classification. How to plot mineral percentage data on triangular diagrams. Classification of plutonic, volcanic and pyroclastic rocks. Classification by TAS (Total Alkali – Silica) diagram.
SLIDES : 06__ITU__Petro_Mag_Met_Rocks___CLASSIFICATION_of_IGNEOUS_ROCKS.pptx
OPTIONAL READING 1: Introduction Chapter of Le Maitre et al. (2002) (Pages: 1 to 2).
OPTIONAL READING 2: Chapter 2: Classification and nomenclature Le Maitre et al. (2002) (Pages: 3 to 6).
Laboratory: Textures of igneous rocks – I. |
| 7 |
7th Week
Petrography of ULTRAMAFIC Magmatic Rocks / Ophiolites
Subjects covered: Definition of the terms «ultramafic» and «ultrabasic», Occurrence of ultramafic rocks: 1. Cumulates in layered intrusions, 2. Earth’s peridotite mantle. Mantle xenoliths. What is an ophiolite? Obduction of ophiolites. Ophiolite belts in Turkey and in the world. Nomenclature of Ultramafic Plutonic Rocks. Ultramafic lavas: komatiites. Ultramafic rocks under the microscope.
SLIDES : 07__ITU__Petro_Mag_Met_Rocks___PETROGRAPHY_OF_ULTRAMAFIC_MAGMATIC_ROCKS.pptx
Laboratory: Textures of igneous rocks – II.
Study on the hand specimens and thin sections of ultrabasic plutonic (and volcanic) rocks. |
| 8 |
8th Week
Petrography of BASIC magmatic rocks: Gabbro-Basalt
Subjects covered: Basic volcanic (extrusive) rocks: basalts, trachy-basalts. Alkaline, calc-alkaline and tholeiitic basaltic rocks. Subdividing basalts on the basis of their mineral contents and geochemistry. Geodynamic setting in which basic magmas can form: MORB, OIB and orogenic (ARC-related). TAS, AFM diagrams. The basalt tetrahedron.
Basic plutonic (intrusive) rocks: gabbro, norite, troctolite and anorthosite. Layered and isotropic basic plutonic rocks. Basic subvolcanic rocks: Diabases or dolerites.
SLIDES :
08__ITU__Petro_Mag_Met_Rocks___PETROGRAPHY_OF_BASIC_MAGMATIC_ROCKS.pptx
Laboratory: Study on the hand specimens and thin sections of basic plutonic and volcanic rocks. |
| 9 |
10th Week
Petrography of acid magmatic rocks: Granite, Granodiorite and Tonalite (Trondhjemite & plagiogranite) and their extrusive equivalents: Dacite & rhyolite
Subjects covered: Petrographic and geochemical classification of felsic intrusive and extrusive rocks. Their occurrence and tectonic settings in the nature. Relationship between the eruption dynamics/mechanisms and the volcanic products. Pegmatites, aplites, leucogranites, granophyres, luxullianites. Obsidians, pitchstones, spherulites, pumice.
SLIDES :
10__ITU__Petro_Mag_Met_Rocks___PETROGRAPHY_OF_ACID_MAGMATIC_ROCKS.pptx
Laboratory: Classification and identification of granitic and rhyolitic rocks under the microscope and in hand specimen. Pumice, obsidian, pitchstone, ignimbrite |
| 10 |
9th Week
Petrography of intermediate magmatic rocks: Diorite-Andesite, Monzonite-Latite, Syenite-Trachyte
Subjects covered: Silica-saturated intermediate plutonic rocks: alkali feldspar syenite, syenite, monzonite, monzodiorite, diorite and quartz-bearing (5%
SLIDES :
09__ITU__Petro_Mag_Met_Rocks___PETROGRAPHY_OF_INTERMEDIATE_MAGMATIC_ROCKS.pptx
Laboratory: Study on the hand specimens and thin sections of Monzonite-Latite, Syenite-Trachyte and Diorite-Andesite Group rocks. |
| 11 |
11th Week
Petrography of Silica-undersaturated magmatic rocks
Subjects covered: Types of silica-undersaturated rocks: Foid-bearing rocks, Feldspar-foid rocks and Foidites and foidolites. Silica-undersaturated intrusive rocks (Foidolites): leucite-, nepheline- and hauyne-foidolites. Foid-syenites, foid-monzosyenites, foid-monzodiorites, foid-diorites. Silica-undersaturated extrusive rocks (Foidites): leucite-, nepheline- & haüyne-bearing foidites. Tephritic foidite, phonolitik foidite. Nephelinites & leucitites. Tephrites & Basanites, Phonolites.
SLIDES :
11__ITU__Petro_Mag_Met_Rocks___PETROGRAPHY_OF_SILICA_UNDERSATURATED_ROCKS.pptx
Laboratory: Classification and identification of Silica-undersaturated intrusive and extrusive magmatic rocks under the microscope and in hand specimen. |
| 12 |
12th Week
Introduction to Metamorphism: Classification
Subjects covered: Properties of metamorphic rocks. Nature of metamorphic reactions. Metamorphic grade. agents of metamorphism: Heat, Pressure (stress), and Chemically active fluids. Importance of Parent Rock. Metamorphic textures: foliation, schistosity, gneissic Texture, or banding, porphyroblastic texture, nonfoliated rocks. Common Metamorphic Rocks Types of foliated metamorphics: slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss. Metamorphic Environments: contact or thermal metamorphism, hydrothermal metamorphism, burial and subduction zone metamorphism, and regional metamorphism. Metamorphic Aureoles. Sopastone, serpentinite. Metamorphism along fault zones: fault breccia, Mylonite, ultramylonite. Impact (or shock) metamorphism. Shocked crystals (e.g. quartz) & shatter cones.
SLIDES :
12__ITU__Petro_Mag_Met_Rocks___Intro to Metamorphism & Classif, Textures and Struct.pptx
Laboratory: Classification and identification of metamorphic rocks and their textures. |
| 13 |
13th Week
Metamorphic Zones, Facies & Plate Tectonics
Subjects covered: Metamorphic Zones. Index minerals and metamorphic grades. Migmatites. Metamorphic facies concept. Properties of hornfels, zeolite, greenschist, amphibolite, granulite, blueschist, and eclogite facies rocks. Connection between metamorphic facies & plate tectonics. High-pressure metamorphism in subduction systems: blue schists and eclogites. Spotted rocks.
SLIDES :
13__ITU__Petro_Mag_Met_Rocks___Metamorphic Zones, Facies & Plate Tectonics.pptx
Laboratory: Petrographical studies on metamorphic rocks & determination of metamorphic mineral paragenesis, rock textures and facies in hand specimens and on thin sections under the polarized microscope. |
| 14 |
Metamorphic agents and Changes, Metamorphic Facies
SLIDES :
14__ITU__Petro_Mag_Met_Rocks___ Metamorphic agents and Changes & Facies.pptx
Laboratory: Petrographical studies on metamorphic rocks & determination of metamorphic mineral paragenesis, rock textures and facies in hand specimens and on thin sections under the polarized microscope (continued). |