| Week |
Topic |
| 1 |
INTRODUCTION: Aims, topics to be covered, textbooks, rules for attendance, etc. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AND MAIN BRANCHES, CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS: Macroscopic and Microscopic Approach, Basic terms of Thermodynamics: Definition of system-surroundings, Types of Thermodynamic systems, Thermodynamic Equilibrium, Thermodynamic properties: Extensive and Intensive Properties, State Functions and State Variables, GENERAL MATHEMATICS: Functions of a single variable, Derivative of a function, Some Useful Facts About Derivatives, Multivariable Functions-Partial Derivative, Mathematical interlude; Exact and inexact differentials, Total Differential of Internal Energy, Path Independency and State Functions, Some Variables Related to Partial Derivatives, Euler’s Chain Rule, Examples |
| 2 |
Real Gases, Ideal Gases and Simple Gas Laws, Deviations from ideality, Under what condition real gases obey ideal gas behavior?Excluded volume and intermolecular interactions, Derivation of van der Waals and Virial equations, Derivation of the Virial equation from van der Waals equation, Boyle Temperature- Mathematical Implication, PV Isotherms of a Real Gas and Critical Constants, Critical point, critical pressure and derivation of van der Waals constants, Law of Corresponding States, The other two-parameters real gas equations |
| 3 |
First law of thermodynamics, Internal Energy, internal energy of an isolated system
internal energy in the cyclic process, Heat, Relation between heat and temperature
Heat Capacity, Work, P-V Work, State Function and Path Function; q and w
Reversible-Irreversible Process Definition, Work done for an ideal gas in a reversible process, Expansion of an ideal gas into a vacuum-Free Expansion, Difference between Internal Energy Change and Enthalpy, Dependence of Internal Energy on V and T, Joule Experiment, Joule Coefficient, General Equation for Internal Energy Change |
| 4 |
Definition of Enthalpy, Variation of Enthalpy with temperature at constant pressure, Dependence of Enthalpy on T and P, Joule-Thomson (J-T) Experiment, Joule-Thomson Coefficient, General Equation for Enthalpy Change, How are Cp and Cv related? Cp-Cv=? Work done under constant P and constant V condition, Application of the first law in ideal gas processes, isothermal and adiabatic processes |
| 5 |
Thermochemistry, Principal of Conservation of Energy, Application of First Law of Thermodynamics: Heats of Reaction ?U and ?H, Internal Energy Change in a Chemical Reaction, Enthalpy change in a chemical reaction, Difference between Internal Energy Change and Enthalpy, Comparing heat of reaction at constant volume and constant pressure, Standard States and Standard Enthalpy Changes, Standard Enthalpies of Formation, Determining the Standard Enthalpy of Combustion Using Standard Enthalpies of formation, The Indirect Determination of ?H: Hess’s Law, Kirchhoff’s equation-Temperature Dependence of Enthalpy Change, Enthalpy Changes at Various Temperatures other than standard temperature |
| 6 |
I. MIDTERM EXAM |
| 7 |
Second Law of Thermodynamics, Definition of entropy, Spontaneous processes, Physical statement of second law and heat transfer, Conversion of heat into useful work, How does a Carnot heat engine work? Carnot cycle with an ideal gas, total work of reversible Carnot heat engine, thermodynamic efficiency of Carnot heat engine, Relation between the heat transferred and temperature of containers, Reverse Heat Engines-Nonspontaneous heat transfer, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Technology for cooling and heating, Working principle of Refrigerator and Air-conditioner in summer for cooling, and in winter for heating, Heat Pumps-Reverse Heat Engines, Examples |
| 8 |
Clausius Inequality, Using entropy to determine the natural direction of a process in an isolated system, The thermodynamic definition of entropy change, The Calculation of Entropy Changes, Entropy change in a cyclic process, for an Ideal Gas, for isothermal/adiabatic reversible and irreversible processes, Dependence of Entropy on T and V, Dependence of Entropy on T and P, Entropy Changes for Phase Changes, Statistical Entropy and Thermodynamic Entropy, Difference Between Microstate and Macrostate Definition of Entropy of a Macrostate? Calculating entropy by counting the number of microstates? Entropy change in mixing of ideal gases |
| 9 |
TERM BREAK |
| 10 |
Third law of thermodynamics, Absolute zero, absolute entropy
Application of Third Law of Thermodynamics, Variation of entropy with temperature, Entropy changes in chemical reactions and Kirchhoff Equation, Cryogenics, Cryogenic Processing: Liquefaction of gases, Magnetic Cooling (Isothermal magnetization/Adiabatic Demagnetization Process), Spontaneity and Equilibrium in Chemical Systems, Conditions for equilibrium and spontaneity under constraints, Relation between Gibbs Energy and Entropy of Universe, Relating the change in the Gibbs energy to the maximum work Relation between Helmholtz Energy and Entropy of Universe. Relating the change in the Helmholtz energy to the maximum work |
| 11 |
Fundamental Equatıons of Thermodynamıcs, Gibbs Equations: Differential forms of “U, H, A and G” MAXWELL RELATIONS: Property relations, Applications of Maxwell Relations, Internal Energy Representation with Maxwell Relations, Enthalpy Representation with Maxwell Relations, Entropy Representation with Maxwell Relations, Examples- Calculations of the changes in internal energy, enthalpy, entropy in real processes using Gibbs equations and Maxwell relations. |
| 12 |
PROPERTIES of GIBBS ENERGY, Variation of the Gibbs energy with temperature, Variation of the Gibbs energy with pressure, Thermodynamics of Systems of Variable Composition-Chemical potential, Material Flow and Extraction of a component from a mixture, Extent of the Reaction and stoichiometric coefficients, Gibbs energy as a function of the extent of reaction, Gibbs energy change of a chemical reaction and direction of spontaneous change, Equilibrium Condition and Extent of the Reaction, Chemical Potential Calculations, THERMODYNAMICS of MIXING, Examples |
| 13 |
II. MIDTERM EXAM |
| 14 |
Temperature dependence of Gibbs energy and Gibbs-Helmholtz Equations, Application of Gibbs-Helmholtz Equations, Relation between Gibbs energy and enthalpy, Relation between Gibbs energy and entropy, Chemical Equilibrium in a Mixture of Ideal Gases-Homogeneous phase-equilibria, Chemical potential, Predicting the direction of net change in a reversible reaction, Gibbs Energy Change and its Relationship with Spontaneity, Equilibrium constant in terms of concentration and in terms of mole fraction, Temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant Kp, The value of Kp at different temperatures, Supplementary Examples |