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1. Abstract: “Technology and Manufacture in Ancient Babylon and Egypt” introduces the History of Science and Technology course. With reference to ancient recipes, it describes the chemical processes involved in the ancient manufacture of dyes, paints and ink, leather, glass, cement and bitumen, metals, soap, etc. This lecture includes a slide show with pictures of many archeological discoveries.
Bibliography:
Akman, M.S., Yapı Malzemeleri (Istanbul, İTÜ İnşaat Fakültesi Matbaası, 1990).
Anon., Leyden Papyrus X, c. 300 AD (trans. online http://www.elizabethancostume.net/dyes/).
Anon., Risâle-i Kalem ve Kağıd, İÜK el yazması, T. 9668.
Albarella, U., “Tawyers, Tanners, Horn Trade and the Mystery of the Missing Goat,” P. Murphy and P. Wiltshire (eds), The Environmental Archaeology of Industry, p. 71–86 (Oxford, Oxbow Books, 2003).
Ashurst, J., Mortars, Plasters and Renders in Conservation (Ecclesiastical Architects and Surveyors Association, London, 1984), and Ashurst, J. and Ashurst, N., 1990, “Mortars, Plaster and Renders, Practical Building Conservation”, English Heritage Technical Handbook, vol. 3, Gower Technical Press.
Borelli, E., “Binders, Conservation of Architectural Heritage, Historic Structures and Materials: porosity”, ARC Laboratory Handbook, vol. 4 (ICCROM S.p.A., Rome, 1999).
Craddock, P.T., Early Metal Mining and Production, Edinburgh, EUP, 1995).
Ersen, Ahmet et al., (Haz.), “Geleneksel Harçlar ve Koruma Harçları, Bağlayıcı Olarak Kullanılacak Kireç ve Hidrolik Kireçli, Puzzolanlı, Tuğla Tozlu ve Tuğla Kırıklı Harçlardaki Malzeme Oranlarının Belirlenmesi Çalışması Raporu,” KUDEB Restorasyon Konservasyon Çalışmaları Dergisi 16, p. 36-50 (KUDEB, 2013) (Online)
Gordon, R.B., American Iron 1607-1900 (Baltimore, JHUP, 1996).
Harte N.B. and K.G. Ponting, Hofenk-De Graaff, J., “The Chemistry of Red Dyestuffs in Medieval and Early Modern Europe,” Cloth and Clothing in Medieval Europe (London, 1983), p. 71-9.
Hassan, al-, Ahmed Y., History of Science and Technology in Islam website (history of soap).
Karadağ, Recep, Doğal Boyamacılık (Ankara, Kültür Bakanlığı Döner Sermaye, 2007). (Online)
Konkol, K. and Seth Rasmussen, “An Ancient Cleanser: Soap Production and Use in Antiquity,” Chemical Technology in Antiquity, (ed.) S. Rasmussen, Ch. 9 (Washington DC, American Chem. Soc., 2015). (Online)
Leed, Drea, Elizabethan Costume webpage, Dye Woorkes, http://www.elizabethancostume.net/dyes/
Metcalf, A.C. and R.B. Longmore, “Leather Artifacts from Vindolandia,” Transactions of the Museum Assistants' Group for 1973, no. 12.
Philip, W. (trans.), “Booke of Secrets,” 1596, in Manuscript Inks with notes by Jack Thompson (London, Caber Press, 1596).
Ponting, K.G., A Dictionary of Dyes and Dyeing (London, Mills and Boon, 1980).
Qalalusi, al-, Tuhaf al-khawass fi turaf al-khawass (Alexandria, Library of Alexandria, 2007). (Online)
Ramage, A. and Craddock, P.T. King Croesus’ Gold: excavations at Sardis [Salihli] and the history of gold refining (London, British Museum, 2000).
Rehren, Th., Kontext und Analyse der Aschkupellen von Oberstockstall, Sigrid von Osten, Das Alchemistenlaboratorium Oberstockstall: Ein Fundkomplex des 16. Jahrhunderts aus Niederösterreich, p. 333-348. Innsbruck, Wagner, 1998).
Russell, J., “English medieval leatherwork,” Archeology Journal 96 (1939), p. 132-41.
Sherwood Taylor, F., A History of Industrial Chemistry: Technology and Society (Abelard-Schuman, 1957).
Schonen, Armin, Tinten und Tuschen des arabisch-islamischen Mittelalters: Dokumentation, Analyse, Rekonstruktion (Göttingen, Vandenhoeck, 2006).
Uğur, Tülay, and Ahmet Güleç, “Harç, Sıva ve Diğer Kompozit Malzemelerde Kullanılan Bağlayıcılar ve Özellikleri,” Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Çalışmaları Dergisi 17, p. 77-91 (2016).
Vitruvius, Mimarlık Üzerine On Kitap, Çev. S. Güven (Istanbul, Şevki Vanlı Vakfı, 4. baskı, 2005).
Walsall Leather Museum bibliography http://www.archleathgrp.org.uk/biblio/algbibliog.htm
Walton, Penelope and George Taylor, “The Characterisation of Dyes in Textiles from Archaeological Excavations,” Chromatography and Analysis June 1991, p. 5-7.
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2. Abstract: “Paper Manufacture in China and Central Asia.” This lecture owes a lot to the work of Esra Demiröz and to the book of Jonathan Bloom, Paper before Print (Yale, 2001). It will present a detailed description of paper samples, and describe the latest methods used in analysis. The background story of the invention of paper and its spread around the world will be given, with references to archaeological finds in Central Asia.
Bibliography:
Bloom, Jonathan, Paper Before Print The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World (Yale, YUP, 2001).
Demiröz, Esra, “İslam Coğrafyasında Kağıt Üretimi: Bir Tipoloji Çalışması,” Master tezi (Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniv. Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Bilim Tarihi, 2020).
Demiröz, Esra, “Paper of the Islamic World: A Typological Study of Specimens from the Süleymaniye Library,” Master thesis (Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniv. Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Bilim Tarihi, 2020).
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3. Abstract: “Navigating by Nature” (in Plato’s phrase) has this title because I will argue that the separate study of natural phenomena, and the respect for nature, was the main contribution of Greek science. There will be an overview of Pre-Socratic philosophy, and a discussion of the inward turn which came with Socrates and Plato. Students will be reminded of the main scientific works in Greek, by Galen, Euclid, Archimedes and Ptolemy.
Bibliography:
Euclid, trans. Oliver Byrne, The First Six Books of the Elements of Euclid (1847, but reprinted Taschen, 2010).
Evans, J., The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy (Oxford, OUP, 1998).
Galen, Claudius, works on Project Gutenberg and Internet Archive.
Heath, Thomas L., A Manual of Greek Mathematics, 2 vols (Oxford, OUP, 1921, but reprinted including by Homeros in Turkey).
Mattern, Susan, The Prince of Medicine: Galen In the Roman Empire (New York, Oxford UP, 2013).
Plato, The Republic (many editions and translations).
Nutton, Vivian, Ancient Medicine (London and NY, Routledge, 2004).
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4. Abstract: An important part of “Aristotle’s Theory of the Natural Sciences” is found above all in his book On the Soul (De anima). The soul involved life, movement and sensation, as well as the mind. It is this, then, which distinguishes living beings from inanimate objects. The aim of change is found in the soul from the beginning. The question is where it comes from, and whether it can be further divided. This lecture will show how On the Soul shaped Aristotle’s biological works, and how it presented issues which continued up to the modern age.
Bibliography:
Aristotle (Aristo), trans. Zeki Özcan, Ruh üzerine (Istanbul, Birleşik, 2011).
Aristotle, De anima, trans. and comm. C. Reeve (Indianapolis, Hackett, 2017).
Collingwood, R., The Idea of Nature (Oxford, OUP, 1945, revised 1946, and many editions).
Themistius, R. Todd (trans.), On Aristotle On the Soul (Bristol, Classical Press, 1996).
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5. Abstract: “Aristotelian Logic from Alexandria to Baghdad” takes us into the Muslim World, a focus of the course as a whole. Thanks to the book of Dimitri Gutas Greek Thought, Arabic Culture, we find that the route taken by the sciences from Alexandria to Baghdad goes through Iran. The recovery of logic, however, was an achievement of the Arabic-speaking philosophers of the late Baghdad School.
Bibliography:
Gutas, Dimitri, Greek Thought, Arabic Culture (London and NY, Routledge, 1998).
Peters, F.E., Aristotle and the Arabs: The Aristotelian Tradition in Islam (New York, UP, 1968).
Rosenthal, Franz, The Classical Heritage in Islam (Eng. trans. NY, Routledge, 1975).
Van Bladel, K., The Arabic Hermes (Oxford, OUP, 2009).
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6. Abstract: “Aristotle Transformed” is only partly true. Ibn Sina presented himself as an Eastern philosopher, but this may be deceptive. The example of the Poetics shows both how closely Ibn Sina followed his Greek forebear, but also how Arabic-Islamic culture brought inevitable changes in thought. This lecture will discuss issues in Ibn Sina’s physics and astronomy.
Bibliography:
Dahiyat, Ismail, Avicenna’s Commentary on the "Poetics" of Aristotle (Leiden, Brill, 1974).
Gutas, Dimitri, Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition (Leiden, Brill, 1988).
McGinnis, Jon, The Physics of The Healing: A Parallel English-Arabic Text (Utah, Brigham Young University, 2010).
Tancî, M., “Beyrûnî’nin İbn-i Sinâ’ya Yönelttiği Bazı Sorular, İbn Sinâ’nın Cevapları ve Bu Cevaplara Beyrûnî’nin İtirazları,” Beyrunî’ye Armağan (Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1974, 2011).
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7. Abstract: The question “Was Ibn Sina an Alchemist?” leads to Ibn Sina’s theories regarding both geology and chemistry. Although Ibn Sina’s Kitab ash-Shifa’ (Book of the Healing) contains a clear refutation of alchemical transmutation, it presents some ideas which were beloved of alchemists. There is also one treatise, strongly influenced by Abu Bakr ar-Razi's alchemy, which is ascribed to Ibn Sina from an early date. Perhaps, at least during one period of the great philosopher's life, he believed in and studied alchemy? A good question, to which I give the good answer that we do not know, at least not with certainty. A reading of the treatise, called Fi al-Amr al-mastur, leads to the question of how much we believe ar-Razi could have been formative in the development of Ibn Sina's thought, and to the recognition that the treatise contrasts with known works of our author. On the other hand, open admiration for ar-Razi as theologian and alchemist was forbidden in polite society, so a hidden dimension of Ibn Sina's life is not impossible. In general I will argue that, illicit though it often was, alchemy was more widespread and influential than many people recognize.
Bibliography:
Agricola, Georg, De ortu et causis subterraneorum (Basel, Froben, 1546).
al-Biruni, see: Kraus, Fihrist; and Tanji, “Beyrûnî'nin İbn-i Sînâ'ya”.
Anawati, Georges, "Arabic alchemy", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 3 (Routledge, London and New York, 1996), p. 853–885.
Apollonius, Pseudo-, see: Ursula Weisser (ed.).
Ateş, Ahmed (ed.), İbn Sînâ, “Risâlat al-iksîr veya Risala fi amr mastûr,” Türkiyat Mecmuasi (Istanbul) 10. 1951-53, (1953).
Gutas, Dimitri, Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition (Leiden, Brill, 2014).
Ibn Abi U?aybi?a, ?Uyun al-anba’ fi ?abaqat al-a?ibba’, Nizar Ri?a’ (ed.) (Beirut, Maktabat al-?ayat, 1965).
Ibn Sina, Kitab aš-Šifa’, Ibrahim Madkur et al. (ed.), (Cairo, Dar al-Kitab al-?Arabi li-?-?iba?a wa-n-Našr, 1389/1969).
Käs. Fabian, Al-Maqrizis Traktat über die Mineralien: Kitab al-Maqa?id... (Leiden, Brill, 2015).
Kraus, Paul, Jabir ibn ?ayyan: contribution à l’histoire des idées scientifiques dans l’Islam: Jabir et la science grecque (Cairo, Institut Français, 1942; repr. Frankfurt, IHAIS, 2002; Paris, Belles Lettres, 1986).
Paul Kraus, ed., al-Biruni, Risala fi Fihrist kutub Mu?ammad ibn Zakariya’ ar-Razi (Paris, al-Qalam, 1936).
Kraus, Paul, “Studien zu Jabir ibn ?ayyan,” Isis, 1931, vol. 15.1.
Holmyard, Eric John, and Desmond Mandeville (eds), Avicennae De congelatione et conglutione lapidum, being sections of the Kitab aš-Šifa’ (Paris, Guethner, 1927).
Martin Plessner, Vorsokratische Philosophie und griechische Alchemie... Turba philosophorum (Wiesbaden, Steiner, 1975).
ar-Razi, Mu?ammad ibn Zakariya’, Kitab al-Asrar, see: Ruska (ed.).
Ruska, Julius, Al-Razi's Buch Geheimnis der Geheimnisse, in Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Medizin, vol. 6 (Berlin, Springer, 1937).
Ruska, Julius, “Die Alchemie des Avicenna,” Isis, no. 60, 1934.
Stapleton, Harry, et al. “Two Alchemical Treatises Attributed to Avicenna,” Ambix, vol. 10.2, 1962.
Shawkat Toorawa, “A Portrait of ?Abd al-La?if al-Baghdadi's Eduction and Instruction,” in Joseph Lowry et al. (eds), Law and Education in Medieval Islam (Cambridge, Gibb Memorial Trust, 2004).
Muhammad Tanji (ed.), “Beyrûnî'nin İbn-i Sînâ'ya yönelttiği bazı sorular, İbn-i Sînâ'nın cevapları ve bu cevaplara Beyrûnî'nin itirazları,” in Beyrûnî'ye armağan (Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1974, repr. 2011).
at-Taw?idi, al-Imta’ wa-l-mu’anasa, A?mad Amin and A?mad az-Zayn (eds) (Cairo, 1953).
Ullmann, Manfred, Die Natur- and Geheimwissenschaften im Islam (Leiden, Brill, 1972).
Weisser, Ursula (Arabic ed.), Buch über Geheimnis der Schöpfung und die Darstellung der Natur von Pseudo-Apollonios von Tyana (Aleppo, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 1979).
Weisser, Ursula (summary and study), “Buch über Geheimnis der Schöpfung” von Pseudo-Apollonios von Tyana (De Gruyter, Berlin, 1980).
Zosimos of Panopolis, Mus?af a?-?uwar, The Book of Pictures, Theodor Abt (ed.), Facsimile (Zurich, Living Human Heritage, 2007).
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8. Abstract: “The Inner Senses from Nemesius to the 1001 Nights” discusses in detail doctrines which are first found in Nemesius, a writer of the 4th century whose book was translated and popular in Arabic. The doctrine that the ventricles of the brain are the location for common sense, imagination, estimation, fantasy and memory is found in Ibn Sina, but Shahrzad Irannejad has shown that Ibn Sina is influenced by earlier Arabic authors here. The doctrine is even found in the 1001 Nights.
Bibliography:
Anon., Alf layla va layla (1001 Nights), we are interested in night no. 42 (many publications, but in Google Books see Macnaghten, vol. 2, p. 513, l. 7-8).
Kallis, Athanasios, Der Mensch im Kosmos: Das Weltbild Nemesios’ von Emesa (Münster, Aschendorff, 1978).
Nemesius of Emesa, On the Nature of Man, trans. Van der Eijk, P. and Robert Sharples based on Moreno Morani (ed.) (Liverpool, LUP, 2008).
Perler, Dominik, The Faculties: A History (Oxford, OUP, 2015).
Van der Eijk, P., Medicine and Philosophy in Classical Antiquity: Doctors and Philosophers on Nature, Soul, Health and Disease (Cambridge, CUP, 2005).
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9. Abstract: “Thomas Aquinas Quotes Ibn Sina” is the title of a lecture which discusses the Arabic influence on the Latin Middle Ages. The approach is both wide-ranging, covering chemistry, zoology, and maths, and precise, for we will look in particular at the Five Ways (Quinque Viae) of arguing for the existence of God.
Bibliography:
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10. Abstract: “The Copernican Revolution, Success and Suppression” begins with the Revolutions of the Spheres. Copernicus and Kepler were two scientists who lived at opposite poles of the German-speaking world, but the significance of the change they brought to European thought is hard to underestimate. “Success and Suppression” is the phrase used by Dag Nikolaus Hasse. The Renaissance marked a turning point in Europe’s relationship to Arabic thought. On the one hand it was the period in which important Arabic traditions reached the peak of their influence in Europe. On the other hand, it is the time when the West began to forget, and even actively suppress, its debt to Arabic culture.
Bibliography:
Copernicus, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) (Nuremberg, Petreium, 1543).
Hasse, Dag Nikolaus, Success and Suppression: Arabic Sciences and Philosophy in the Renaissance (Cambridge MA, Harvard UP, 2016).
Koestler, Alfred, The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe (also in Turkish) (London, Hutchinson, 1959, and many editions).
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11. Abstract: “From Theophrastus to Plate Tectonics (Geology and Mineralogy)” breaks from the normal pattern of these lectures. It is a broad sweep of the history of one area of science, beginning with Aristotle’s second most famous pupil, Theophrastus, continuing with Nicolas Steno and William Smith, and finishing with the modern age. Science moved on from discussion of the age of the earth, how seas covered the earth, how the mountains were formed, and how metals came to be, to stratification, precise measurement of the age of stones, and plate tectonics.
Bibliography:
Biruni, al-, Kitab al-Jamahir fi Marifat al-Jawahir, trans. Hakim Muhammad Said, The Book Most Comprehensive in Knowledge on Precious Stones (Pakistan Hist. Soc.,1965).
Steno, Nicolas, Solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus (Florence, Stella,1669).
Ibn Sina, ash-Shifa (Tabi’iyyat I.3).
Theophrastus, On Stones (many editions).
Weisser, Ursula (Arabic ed.), Buch über Geheimnis der Schöpfung und die Darstellung der Natur von Pseudo-Apollonios von Tyana (Aleppo, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 1979).
Weisser, Ursula (summary and study), “Buch über Geheimnis der Schöpfung” von Pseudo-Apollonios von Tyana (De Gruyter, Berlin, 1980).
Winchester, Simon, The Map That Changed the World: William Smith and the Birth of Modern Geology (NY, Harper Collins, 2001).
Winter, John G., The Prodromus of Nicolaus Steno's Dissertation Concerning a Solid Body Enclosed by Process of Nature within a Solid, Engl. trans. with introduction and notes (New York, Macmillan, 1916).
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12. Abstract: “The Circulation of the Blood” is about William Harvey, and the intellectual ferment of 17th-century England. Even King Charles was said to have attended experiments in Harvey’s London house. The monarchist doctor was a devoted Galenist, but he stood accused of undermining medical authority, and of failing to answer the question of the Final Cause. During the Commonwealth, there were scholars working at Oxford, and less so at Cambridge, who after the Restoration founded the Royal Society.
Bibliography:
Butterfield, Herbert, The Origins of Modern Science (NY, Free Press, 1957, revised ed.).
Harvey, William, Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (Frankfurt, Fitzer, 1628).
Harvey, William, On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals (London, George Bell, 1889).
Rapson, Helen, The Circulation of the Blood (London, Muller, 1982).
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13. Abstract: “Steam and the Industrial Revolution” takes us to Regency and Victorian Britain. While we begin with the well-known story of the early application of steam in industry, the lecture will include two civil engineers of French extraction, Joseph Bazalgette and Isambard Kingdom-Brunel. In particular, the history of Britain’s dominance and decline will be told from the perspective of the Swindon Railway Works, which is now a shopping centre.
Bibliography:
British Railways, Swindon Works, and its Place in British Railway History (London, Railway Exec, 1950).
Pugsley, Alfred (ed.), The Works of Isambard Kingdom Brunel: An Engineering Appreciation (Bristol, Inst. Civil Engineers, 1976).
Smith, D., “Sir Joseph William Bazalgette (1819-1891): Engineer to the Metropolitan Board of Works”, Transactions of the Newcomen Society Vol. 58 (1986-87).(Online.)
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14. Abstract: The final lecture, on the “Age of Electricity”, is divided into what have been called the Second and Third Industrial Revolutions. The first part looks at the achievements of Michael Faraday (1791–1867), including his experiment and resulting Law of Electromagnetic Induction, electrolysis and its laws, and the Faraday Cage. The second lecture describes how the initial intention of DARPA, which invented the Internet for military purposes, was to enhance security. In practice the ungovernable design of the internet now presents the cyber-security threats of Denial of Service attacks and hacking of vital resources, but also propaganda and mass manipulation. How did the social media fare during the testing period of the CoViD-19 crisis?
Bibliography:
Gooding, D. and J. Frank, Faraday rediscovered: essays on the life and work of Michael Faraday (Basingstoke, Hants, England, 1985).
Hamilton, James, Faraday: The Life (London, Harper Collins, 2002).
Waldrop, Mitch, “DARPA and the Internet Revolution” (online). |